Treatments in murine


 * Differences were observed in IV-infected mice that were treated with Oseltamivir prior to a challenge with SP. Under these circumstances, mice infected with ∆NA viruses were associated with a better prognosis following a secondary bacterial challenge (CHOCKALINGAM et al., 2012).
 * SP following IV Ampicillin treatment cured mice with mild pneumonia but was ineffective against severely pneumonic mice, despite effective bacterial killing (GHONEIM; MCCULLERS, 2014).
 * Adjunctive Dexamethasone therapy improved Ampicillin-induced immunopathology and improved outcomes in mice with severe pneumonia. However, early Dexamethasone therapy during primary IV infection impaired lung adaptive immunity as manifest by increased viral titers, with an associated loss of its protective functions in invasive disease (GHONEIM; MCCULLERS, 2014).
 * Local GM-CSF treatment partially restored the impaired early bacterial clearance with efficient protection against secondary SP pneumonia (GHONEIM; THOMAS; MCCULLERS, 2013).
 * Nanoparticles composed of the coat protein of a plant virus (papaya mosaic virus; PapMV) and a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) trigger a strong innate immune stimulation in the lungs of the animals a few hours following instillation. A rapid recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes/AMs and lymphocytes follows. This treatment was able to provide protection to an IV challenge that lasts at least 5 days and to a lethal challenge with SP (MATHIEU et al, 2013).
 * Nanoparticles could be used to treat mice infected with IV and significantly decrease morbidity, induce innate immune responses, provide enhanced immune responses during actual pneumonia and ongoing viral infection (MATHIEU et al., 2013).
 * In vivo dose-response studies demonstrated that oral Linezolid administration sufficiently decreased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels of IFN-g at day 7 post-IV infection in a dose-dependent manner, decreased morbidity as measured by weight loss compared with vehicle-treated controls (BRESLOW-DECKMAN et al., 2013).
 * When mice were challenged intranasally with SP 7 d post-infection with IV, Linezolid pretreatment led to decreased IFN-g and TNF-a production, decreased weight loss, and lower bacterial burdens at 24 h post-bacterial infection in comparison with vehicle-treated controls (BRESLOW-DECKMAN et al., 2013).
 * The modulatory effects of Linezolid are mediated partially by its ability to blunt IFN-g production. These results suggest that IFN-g, and potentially TNF-a, may be useful drug targets for prophylaxis against secondary bacterial pneumonia following IV infection (BRESLOW-DECKMAN et al., 2013).