Treatments/Prevention in Humans


 * If severe pandemic IV is largely a problem of viral-bacterial copathogenesis, pandemic planning needs to go beyond addressing the viral cause alone (IV vaccines and antiviral drugs) (MORENS; TAUBENBERGER; FAUCI, 2008).
 * Protective mucosal immune responses are most effectively induced by mucosal immunization through oral, nasal, rectal or vaginal routes, but the vast majority of vaccines in use today are administered by injection (NEUTRA; KOZLOWSKI, 2006).
 * Non-neutralizing IV vaccines that fail to prevent IV infection may nevertheless protect the public from secondary bacterial diseases when neutralizing vaccines are not available (HAYNES et al., 2012).
 * Pandemic preparedness plans should consider intervention strategies based on antibacterial treatment or prophylaxis through drugs or vaccines as part of the overall control strategy (HANDEL; JR.; ANTIA, 2009).
 * Marked improvement of clinical outcome and lung immunopathology caused by bacterial superinfection requires the control of both bacterial infection and aberrant host immune responses (DAMJANOVIC et al., 2013).
 * Improved survival appeared to be mediated by decreased inflammation manifested as lower levels of inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs, and less severe histopathology (KARLSTRÖM et al., 2009).