Genetics in Humans


 * Prior studies have indicated that biofilm-derived SP are avirulent. However, IAV infection releases virulent SP from biofilms in vitro and in vivo (PETTIGREW et al., 2014).
 * Compared with biofilm bacteria, actively dispersed SP, which were more virulent in invasive disease, upregulated genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (PETTIGREW et al., 2014).
 * Dispersed SP upregulated genes associated with production of bacteriocins (PETTIGREW et al., 2014).
 * Dispersed SP downregulated colonization-associated genes related to competence, fratricide, and the transparent colony phenotype (PETTIGREW et al., 2014).