Dynamics of co-infection

Virus prior to bacteria (susceptibility)

 * In a mouse CI model, secondary bacterial infection exacerbates disease (WOLF et al.,2014).
 * In mice, prior IV infection promotes SP spread to the lungs (SIEGEL; ROCHE; WEISER, 2014).
 * In ferret, prior infection with IV of donors enhanced SP transmission and disease (MCCULLERS et al., 2010).
 * In humans, prior IV infection suppressed the IL-10 response independent of the timing of the subsequent SP stimulation (WU et al., 2011).
 * IV infection preceding SP challenge primed for pneumonia and led to 100% mortality (MCCULLERS; REHG, 2002).

Bacteria prior to virus (protection)

 * In mice, SP colonization 10 days prior to IAV protects from virus-induced morbidity and lung pathology (WOLF et al.,2014).
 * SP challenge preceding IV infection led to protection from IV and improved survival (MCCULLERS; REHG, 2002).